The Effect of Sensory-Perceptual Information on Anxiety Level of Essay

The Effect of Sensory-Perceptual Information on Anxiety Level of Patients Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery - Essay Example This project paper outlines the problem, provides a comprehensive literature review and describes the planned interventions that are designed to provide CABG patients with the sensory-perceptual information they need in order to reduce their level of anxiety and increase coping skills. The project will be carried out within a hospital setting, utilizing all patients undergoing CABG who are referred by the cardiac catheterization laboratory. Each intervention is described in detail. Interventions will include a 12-minute video presentation, an informational brochure and informational sessions with the main researcher. At the individual information session, the researcher will adapt the information presented to fit with the cultural background, linguistic preference and health beliefs of the CABG patient. Table of Contents Chapter 1 Background and need for the project 4 Purpose of the project 7 Significance of the project 7 Theoretical Framework 8 Chapter 2 Search strategy 9 Review of literature 9 Studies investigating the association between anxiety/depression and CABG 9 Studies providing systematic literature reviews 12 Studies on educational intervention and other factors 13 Summary and discussion 15 Chapter 3 Implementation procedures 16 Chapter 4 The Project Teaching Plan 18 Objectives 21 Materials 22 Vocabulary 22 Motivation 23 Chapter 5 Summary 23 Conclusions 23 Implications for nursing 24 Recommendation for further study 24 Appendix 25 References 28 Chapter I Background and need for the project Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is a procedure that uses a healthy blood vessel to create a bypass, an arterial bridge, that allows blood to be routed around a blocked or diseased artery ("Coronary bypass," 2010). Typically the vessel used is taken from the patient's leg, although vessels from an arm, chest or the abdomen have also been used ("Coronary bypass," 2010). CABG restores normal blood flow to the heart, which produces a variety of beneficial e ffects, such as decreasing the risk for a heart attack. Furthermore, in many cases, the surgery reduces the symptoms being suffered by the patient, such as chest pain and shortness of breath. The principal goals of CABG are to alleviate the symptoms of angina, decrease heart attack risk and prolong and improve the quality of life (McKenzie, Simpson and Stewart, 2010). CABG is a procedure that is widely performed in all developed countries. The American Heart Association reported in 2005 that the annual procedure rate in the US was over 515,000 (Gallagher and McKinley, 2009). The procedure has a relatively low mortality rate and been proven to effectively alleviate the symptoms of angina (Gallagher and McKinley, 2009). Nevertheless, psychological problems, such as the development of anxiety and depression, have been widely reported in connection with patients who have undergone CABG surgery; and, it has been found that these psychological problems are often long-term, as research rep orts that anxiety and depression are evident in roughly one-fifth of CABG patients a year following the surgery (McKenzie, Simpson and Stewart, 2010). Problems with psychological adjustment can lead to adverse events. These adverse coronary events may include further hospitalization and even an increased incidence of mortality (McKenzie, Simpso

PEST Analysis on UK Fixed Line Telecommunication industry Essay

PEST Analysis on UK Fixed Line Telecommunication industry - Essay Example As and when this happens, BT will be superiorly poised to leverage its huge infrastructure to add to its revenues. (Prodhan G. and Biilingham E., 2009) Just like any other market, the UK market has two distinct group of consumers; business consumers residing in metropolitan cities who subscribed to high value services, and the vast mass market spread all over the country who are unwilling/unable to pay a premium for high value services. While BT has been able to obtain a legal ruling against imposition of Universal Service Obligation that would have required it to offer fixed-line connectivity to all UK households, any future imposition of similar clauses by the British Government may severely affect its profitability. (Giles C., n.d.) However, the government also believes that Internet connectivity is core to the growth of the economy and given the severe recessionary conditions now, the government may decide to give a major thrust in increasing Internet connectivity. This may turn out to be a major boost to BT’s fixed line business. (Holton K. and Prodhan G., January 2009) Additionally, it has been indicated that BT will be free to have its own pricing strategy for the 21CN supper fast broad band network. This will help BT increase its profitability. (Parker A. and Fenton B., February 2009) UK has a very stable and matured economy that has little scope for a rapid growth. While the national GDP in 2008 was about 1.8 trillion GBP, the growth rate of the economy in 2008 over 2007 was about 3%. The present crisis has hit the economy hard, and the UK economy is expected to shrink by as much as 2%. (UK output, income and expenditure 4th quarter 2008, February 2009). However, the government has responded by cutting VAT by 250 percentage points, from 17.5 to 15%. If BT can pass this benefit to the end users, it can expect to negate a part of the decline of business due to recession. Additionally,